Monte Carlo methods have become indispensable in simulating light transport due to their flexibility in handling complex phenomena such as scattering, absorption, and emission in heterogeneous media.

The Monte Carlo simulation estimates the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot easily be predicted because of the potential for random variables.

Monte Carlo methods and Markov Chain algorithms have long been central to computational science, forming the backbone of numerical simulation in a variety of disciplines. These techniques employ ...

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