Pharma commercial operating models rely on clinically testing many compounds to approve a single blockbuster that recoups all investments. The challenge for drug development is that clinical efficacy ...

Our foray into causal analysis is not yet complete. Until we define the methods of causal inference, we can't get to the deeper insights that causal analysis can provide. This article details many of ...

Repeated measurements of the same countries, people, or groups over time are vital to many fields of political science. These measurements, sometimes called time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data, ...

We know that correlation does not imply causation, but careful analyses of correlations are often our only way to quantify cause and effect in domains ranging from healthcare to education. This ...